This article argues that Constitutionalism Movement is result of reformism in Ghajar Era. The conquer of Constitutionalism, have been result of Iran's POLITICAL- social and economic condition (circumstances) and victory of reformist actives. This survey by Considering of specifics of this movement, have been insisted on movement leaders, understanding and awareness from cultural and social modernization. In this regard constitutionalists were followers of previous reformists, who began their activites at least from rise of Ghajar government. Therefore Constitionalism Movement was continuance of Iranian reformism history.

POLITICAL democracy has mainly developed in respect to the rights for electing and being elected in recent centuries. But by the rise of new social MOVEMENTS, POLITICAL democracy is inclined to different issues.nonetheless, it would seem that the development of democracy is in such a way that it does not oppose the current POLITICAL premises in advanced industrial societies, nor does it reject the present socio–economic models. Thus this study argues that new social MOVEMENTS are conservative mainstreams, because they lack an advanced socio-economic alternative. meanwhile, new social MOVEMENTS, from the functional point of view, have a reinforcing role of maintaining POLITICAL democracy, in final analysis, therefore, the new social MOVEMENTS, in terms of their nature, belong to the conservative forces.

In a general view, it seems that Islamism movement in Jordan does not have unique identity, and includes Ekhvan Al Moslemin, Salafi Jihadism and Takfiri and small moderate MOVEMENTS such as Alvasat party. The main purpose of this paper is deeper review of Islamism movement in Jordan, effort for identification of Islamist POLITICAL parties in Jordan, their arrangement in POLITICAL scene, their internal mental challenges, and their positioning to each other.

Encyclopedia of new religious MOVEMENTS edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious MOVEMENTS on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious MOVEMENTS emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

Purpose: The flourishing of POLITICAL parties and currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran and since the formation of the constitutional movement, POLITICAL currents have gone through many ups and downs and it can be said that POLITICAL currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization and stability. A characteristic feature of POLITICAL currents in Iran is the divergence and division among POLITICAL currents in recent decades, and this can be one of the reasons for the instability and cross-sectional and seasonal activity of POLITICAL parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors and divergence among POLITICAL currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? And what are the scenarios for the advancement of POLITICAL currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview and discourse (from charismatic POLITICAL authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak society) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian POLITICAL currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the POLITICAL system, the collapse of POLITICAL currents in the traditional form, integration and consolidation in new social MOVEMENTS (virtualized parties).

The unstable role of the Samanids over a century in Tabarestan was not without effect. The main element in the POLITICAL and military domination of the Khorasan amirs in the province was the widespread unrest following the rise of the Alawites, the weakening of the Abbasid Caliphate, and especially the conversion of Tabarestan into a refuge for sinful commanders and claimants. The military conquest of Tabarestan in this time can be actually in line with the policy and intentions of the Al-e Saman government. In such a storm of fire and blood, the sword of a Dailamid’ s skirmishers in the boiling furnace of Tabarestan events, instigated and devised by the Samanids, undoubtedly laid the foundation of the dialectic governments, not only the fate of Iran; Rather, it will transform the POLITICAL and military life of Islamic lands and the caliphate. The result was that Tabarestan, which itself did not have the requisite integrity to establish a stable government at the beginning of the fourth century AH, was subject to POLITICAL stability by the end of the fourth century. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on references to sources and references.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of POLITICAL power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the last decade of the twentieth century, and incidents such as the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the victory of Islamist MOVEMENTS in order to seize power in Islamic countries during two last decades, the term second Cold War has been used by some Western thinkers. In this new cold war, the opposing parties are POLITICAL Islam and Western Secularism ideology. Meanwhile, Westerners have tried to connect the activities of the Islamic MOVEMENTS to terrorist actions by ignoring many aspects of their activities and reduction objective. But the above-mentioned view could not justify the social activities of the Islamic movement. In this paper it has been attempted to explain the definition of POLITICAL Islam and describe the rise of this concept in International Relations, concentrating on the use of this approach by Lebanon's Hezbollah as a social, POLITICAL and military organization on domestic policy of Lebanon. In this respect, this article will demonstrate the shortcomings and contradictions in aforesaid thinkers view about POLITICAL Islam and the Islamic movement activities.

In reading the Qur'an, the Children of Israel, with the support of the largest number of divine prophets and the most active and non-conformist people, as an intellectual and religious movement, has occupied a large part of the history of the prophets. Racial and religious characteristics and having the spirit of arrogance, narcissistic personality, treaty-breaking, excuse-making, jealousy, malice, enmity, worldliness, betrayal and crime, along with power-seeking and trying to dominate others, the socio-POLITICAL role of this people during the presence of three of Prophets of Ulu Al-Azm, namely Prophet Moses, Prophet Jesus and Prophet Muhammad, are very prominent. POLITICAL movement studies as a method of analysis and phenomenology of the Jewish people from the perspective of revelation stories, led this research to novel achievements. Although the lack of previous studies in this field makes it hard to write this article, historical analysis and Qur'anic interpretations are a good support in explaining such issues. Representation of the Jewish POLITICAL movement in four levels "behavioral pattern of Muslims in Mecca", "citizen" of the Islamic society in the first year of Medina and assuming the role of "opposition" of the Islamic government in the critical and challenging conditions of Medina and, finally entering the field of hard confrontation "Mohareb" in the Islamic system of Medina, are of the novelties of this study.

POLITICAL Islam, as one of the most important POLITICAL currents, has had immense influence on the POLITICAL processes around the world, especially in Islamic countries in the Middle East. With regard to lack of a pure revolutionary and POLITICAL Islamic ideology, the crises in the Middle East region, especially in a country like Egypt, pave the way for the global and regional powers to deviate Islamist groups and foundations from POLITICAL Islam, and exploitation of these nations. Present article is qualitative and documentary and for data analysis futurology method is used. The Statistics population sample consisted of ambassadors, professors and experts in POLITICAL science, strategic studies, international relations, Middle East experts and futurology with a sample size of 15 subjects with snowball sampling method. Statistics collecting tool has been deep qualitative interviews with experts. To analyze the data using the T-test and correlation matrix to analyze trends to investigate the possible and desirable in the present process has been studied in Egypt. Results and analysis of driving forces and trends of POLITICAL Islam in Egypt show the order and arrangement of happening of probable scenarios for the future of POLITICAL Islam in this country as following: 1. Continuation and development of Islamic Awakening; 2. Normalization and transformation of Islamic Awakening; 3. Controlling Islamic Awakening. We conclude that the scenario of continuation and development of Islamic awakening in Egypt is potentially stronger than other scenarios.